Warm Air Delivery in Adhesive Application: Effect on Bonding Performance and Morphological Outcomes.

Solvent evaporation within an adhesive layer is a crucial step during a bonding process. The aim of this current research was to test whether the use of different air temperatures (20 °C, 40 °C, and 60 °C) for solvent evaporation improves the performance of four adhesive systems to dentin. Sixty non-carious human molar teeth were randomly prepared for micro-tensile bond strength (µTBS) tests. Four different adhesive systems, Prime&Bond Universal (PBU), OptiBond Universal (OBU), OptiBond FL (OBFL), and Clearfil SE (CSE), were applied following the manufacturer's instructions. Three groups based on the air-drying temperature were used: solvent evaporation was performed with either of warm (40 °C), (60 °C), and cold air as control group (20 °C) for 10 s at a distance of 5 cm. In all bonded surfaces, three resin composite (Reflectys, Itena Clinical, Paris, France) layers of 2 mm thickness were built up. The resin-dentin samples were kept in distilled water at 37 °C for 24 h and 6 months, respectively, before µTBS testing. Failure analysis, scanning electron microscopy of resin-dentin bonded interface, and solvent evaporation rate were tested as secondary variables. All analyses were conducted using a significance level of α = 0.05. Bond strength (BS) values were similar among all the adhesive systems used (p > 0.05). Also, the aging factor did not affect the BS (p > 0.05). Only the factor of temperature used for solvent evaporation resulted in a statistically significant effect (p < 0.05), with the temperature of 60 °C being the highest value (p < 0.05). A failure mode evaluation revealed mostly adhesive or mixed modes of failures in all the different temperatures of air used for the solvent evaporation of each adhesive system. The thickness of the adhesive layer and the creation of resin tags varied amongst the temperatures evaluated. For all adhesive systems tested, the use of 40 °C or 60 °C air for solvent evaporation led to an increased mass loss. Warmer temperatures for solvent evaporation contributed positively to bonding performance, enhancing both the quality of the adhesive layer and its interaction with the dentin tissue. Optimizing solvent evaporation with warmer air temperatures (40 °C and 60 °C) significantly improved µTBS, offering a practical means to enhance the quality and longevity of adhesive restorations in esthetic dentistry.

Is a White Diet Necessary for Tooth Bleaching Procedures? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The aim of this investigation was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the necessity of a white diet during or following a bleaching procedure. This systematic review and meta-analysis followed the PRISMA guidelines meticulously. The research question was: Is a white diet necessary during and/or after a bleaching treatment? In vitro studies or clinical trials reporting the color change in bleached enamel after the use of a free-staining diet were considered for full-text review. For the analyses, a random-effects model was employed. Statistical significance was defined as a p-value < 0.05. A total of 17 documents were eligible for qualitative analysis: 5 clinical trials and 12 in vitro studies. Only data from the clinical trials were included in the meta-analysis. For at-home bleaching, differences in the color among the subjects were not statistically significant during the first (p = 0.64), second (p = 0.26) or third (p = 0.43) weeks of treatment. Also, the color difference one month after finishing the bleaching treatment were not statistically significant (p = 0.27). The color difference one month after finishing an in-office treatment showed that the restrictions on diet did not significantly improve the bleaching outcomes (p = 0.90). According to the findings of this review, dietary restrictions are not necessary during or after bleaching procedures.

Dentine Remineralisation Induced by "Bioactive" Materials through Mineral Deposition: An In Vitro Study.

This study aimed to assess the ability of modern resin-based "bioactive" materials (RBMs) to induce dentine remineralisation via mineral deposition and compare the results to those obtained with calcium silicate cements (CSMs). The following materials were employed for restoration of dentine cavities: CSMs: ProRoot MTA (Dentsply Sirona), MTA Angelus (Angelus), Biodentine (Septodont), and TheraCal LC (Bisco); RBMs: ACTIVA BioACTIVE Base/Liner (Pulpdent), ACTIVA Presto (Pulpdent), and Predicta Bioactive Bulk (Parkell). The evaluation of the mineral deposition was performed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) on the material and dentine surfaces, as well as at the dentine-material interface after immersion in simulated body fluid. Additionally, the Ca/P ratios were also calculated in all the tested groups. The specimens were analysed after setting (baseline) and at 24 h, 7, 14, and 28 days. ProRoot MTA, MTA Angelus, Biodentine, and TheraCal LC showed significant surface precipitation, which filled the gap between the material and the dentine. Conversely, the three RBMs showed only a slight ability to induce mineral precipitation, although none of them was able to remineralise the dentine-material interface. In conclusion, in terms of mineral precipitation, modern "bioactive" RBMs are not as effective as CSMs in inducing dentine remineralisation; these latter represent the only option to induce a possible reparative process at the dentin-material interface.

The Influence of Indirect Bonding Technique on Adhesion of Orthodontic Brackets and Post-Debonding Enamel Integrity-An In Vitro Study.

The increasing demand for orthodontic treatments due to the high prevalence of malocclusion has inspired clinicians and material scientists to investigate innovative, more effective, and precise bonding methods with reduced chairside time. This study aimed at comparing the shear bond strength (SBS) of metal and ceramic brackets bonded to enamel using the indirect bonding technique (IDB). Victory Series metal brackets (Metal-OPC, Metal-APC) and Clarity™ Advanced ceramic brackets (Ceramic-OPC) (3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA) were bonded indirectly to extracted human premolars through the etch-and-rinse technique. A qualitative assessment of the enamel surface using microscopic methods was performed, and the amount of residual adhesive was reported as per the adhesive remnant index (ARI). Moreover, the bracket surface was evaluated with SEM-EDS. The highest SBS mean values were observed in the Ceramic-OPC group (16.33 ± 2.01 MPa), while the lowest ones were obtained with the Metal-OPC group (11.51 ± 1.40 MPa). The differences between the Metal-AOPC vs. Metal-APC groups (p = 0.0002) and the Metal-OPC vs. Ceramic-OPC groups (p = 0.0000) were statistically significant. Although the Ceramic-OPC brackets bonded indirectly to the enamel surface achieved the highest SBS, the enamel damage was significantly higher compared to that of the other groups. Thus, considering the relatively high bond SBS and favourable debonding pattern, Metal-APC brackets bonded indirectly may represent the best choice.

Shear Bond Strength of Metal and Ceramic Brackets Depending on Etching Protocol in Direct Bonding Technique.

Successful orthodontic therapy, apart from a proper treatment plan, depends on optimal bracket-enamel adhesion. Among numerous factors affecting adhesion, the type of bracket and preparation of the tooth's surface are crucial. The aim of this study was to compare the shear bond strength (SBS) of metal and ceramic brackets to the enamel's surface using direct bonding. Forty extracted human premolars were divided into four groups according to the etching method (etch-and-rinse and self-etch) and bracket type. The SBS and adhesive remnant index (ARI) were determined. The ceramic brackets achieved the highest SBS values both in the self-etch (SE) and etch-and-rinse (ER) protocols. Higher SBS values for ceramic and metallic brackets were found in the ER protocol. In all tested groups, the achieved SBS value was satisfactory to withstand orthodontic and occlusal forces. There was no significant difference in the ARI score between study groups (p = 0.71). The fracture occurred between the bracket base and adhesive material in both types of brackets, which decreased the risk of enamel damage during debonding.

Effect of Modified Triple-Layer Application on the Bond Strength of Different Dental Adhesive Systems to Dentin.

The goal of this article was to assess the effect of modified triple-layer application (MTLA) in conjunction with the active bonding technique on the bond strength of four adhesive systems to dentinal substrate. The adhesives tested were Prime&Bond Universal (PBU), OptiBond Universal (OBU), OptiBond FL (OBFL), and Clearfil SE (CSE). The adhesives were applied according to the following strategies: single active application (A) and triple adhesive layer application including Active-Passive-Passive (APP); AAP; and AAA. The micro-tensile bond strength test was evaluated following 24 h or 6 months of storage. The composite-dentin interface morphology was investigated using scanning electron microscopy. The data were statistically analyzed with a significance level of α = 0.05. At 24 h of aging, all of the factors tested were not significant (p > 0.05) for CSE. For OBFL, OBU, and PBU, statistically higher values were observed for the A technique (p < 0.05). Plus, there were no significant variances between the APP, AAP, and AAA techniques (p > 0.05) for OBFL and PBU. However, for OBU, there were no significant differences between the A and AAA techniques (p > 0.05). After 6 months of aging, the A technique showed statistically higher values when compared to the other techniques (p < 0.01), except for OBFL, where the A and AAA techniques showed promising outcomes. When comparing the bond strength values of 24 h and 6 months, only for PBU, all of the techniques used resulted in bond strength stability over time (p > 0.05). Thicker adhesive layers were observed when MTLA was applied. Only the OBFL adhesive showed the formation of resin tags in all of the modalities tested. The bonding performances of the different application techniques used were material-dependent.

Effectiveness of Different Application Modalities on the Bond Performance of Four Polymeric Adhesive Systems to Dentin.

One of the major goals of adhesive dentistry is to improve the interaction of the already-existing adhesives with different substrates by using different application techniques. Thus, the objective of the present in vitro study was to assess the bond performance of four adhesive systems, Prime&Bond Universal (PBU), Clearfil SE Bond (CSE), OptiBond Universal (OBU), and OptiBond FL (OBFL), to dentin using various application modes: passive application (PA), active application (AA), Compo-Vibes modified application (CVM), and Compo-Vibes application (CV). Eighty extracted human molars were allocated into four groups based on the application modalities tested. The micro-tensile bond strength as well as fracture mode were tested in accordance with ISO/TS 11.405 after 24 h and 6 months of aging. Adhesive contact angle (CA) and scanning electron microscope analysis were also performed (n = 3). Statistical tests were performed with α = 0.05. After 24 h, a significant difference with a higher bond strength value was found for PBU in the AA modality and for CSE in the CVM modality (p < 0.05). However, no significant difference was shown between the techniques used among the other adhesives (OBFL and OBU). Moreover, at 24 h, only the PA demonstrated significant differences between the tested materials (p < 0.05). After 6 months, CSE, PBU, and OBU demonstrated significant differences between the techniques (p < 0.05), with a higher bond strength for CSE in AA and CVM modalities, for PBU in AA modality, and for OBU in AA and PA modalities. No significant differences were found between the techniques used among the OBFL (p > 0.05). In addition, only the CVM technique demonstrated significant differences between the tested materials after 6 months. CV and CVM showed a decreased value after aging for CSE and PBU, respectively. However, all the modalities decreased for OBU and OBFL after aging. All the adhesives showed marked resin infiltration into dentinal tubules in AA among all the modalities tested. Both universal adhesive systems (OBU and PBU) demonstrated statistically lower CA when compared to the other systems (CSE and OBFL) (p < 0.05) when applied in the PA mode. Concerning the AA mode, only CSE and OBFL were tested. The AA demonstrated lower CA values compared to the same adhesives in PA (p < 0.05). It could be concluded that the bond strength could be influenced by both materials and application techniques. It seems that the AA technique could be recommended as a gold standard for the application of an adhesive system to dentin. Plus, the CV and CVM modalities after 6 months of aging were considered stable for PBU and CSE, respectively. Consequently, the performance of these adhesive systems might vary when applied to other modalities. Future studies are needed to test this hypothesis.

Color stability of dual-cured and light-cured resin cements: A systematic review and meta-analysis of in vitro studies.

PURPOSE: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the difference in the color stability of light-cured and dual-cured resin cements. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two separate reviewers used the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Scielo databases to execute the systematic review. For the analysis, studies that evaluated the color stability of dual-cured and light-cured resin cements over time were used. The random effects model was used in the meta-analysis. Analyses of subgroups were carried out based on the aging technique. The methodological quality of each in vitro study was evaluated in accordance with the parameters of a prior systematic review. RESULTS: From all databases, a total of 2223 articles were retrieved. Following the screening of titles and abstracts, 44 studies were selected for full text review, and a total of 27 articles were used for the qualitative analysis. Finally, 23 articles remained for the qualitative analysis. The majority of studies were labeled as having a medium risk of bias. The global analysis showed that the dual-cure resin cements had considerably greater differences in the color change (p = 0.006). A high heterogeneity index (86%) was found in the analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The best available in vitro evidence suggests that dual-polymerizing cement has higher color variation than light-polymerized materials. To reduce the likelihood of color change after the luting of thin ceramic restorations, clinicians should employ light-polymerizable resin cements.

Effect of contamination and decontamination methods on the bond strength of adhesive systems to dentin: A systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: In a suitable condition, it is important to perform any dental restorative procedure using an operatory field isolated. Then, the aim of this study was to compare the bond strength of composite restorations to dentin affected by any contamination agent through a systematic review. METHODS: This systematic review was performed following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The literature search was conducted until September 2022 by scanning the following databases: Embase, PubMed, Scielo, Scopus, and Web of Science. Manuscripts evaluated the bond strength of resin-based materials to permanent human dentin contaminated with blood or saliva were selected for full-text review. The risk of bias was assessed by the RoBDEMAT tool. RESULTS: A total of 3750 papers resulted from the search from all databases. After the full-text reading, a total of 62 articles remained for the qualitative analysis. The contamination agents used were blood, saliva, and hemostatic agents. A great variety of protocols were used to contaminate the dentin surface, and the contamination process occurred in several steps of the bonding process, including before and after the etching process, after the primer application and after the adhesive application. Also, several decontamination procedures were tested, including reapplication of the etching material, rinsing with water, chlorhexidine or sodium hypochlorite and reapplication of the adhesive system. CONCLUSION: Any contamination with blood or saliva impaired the bond strength of resin-based materials to dentin. Decontamination procedures including water-spray and reapplication of the bonding system could revert the impairment produced by the saliva or blood contamination. The use of hemostatic agents as a method of blood decontamination is not recommended. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Clinicians should avoid contamination during a bonding procedure, otherwise, a reduction in the bond quality is expected.

Micro-CT Evaluation of Microgaps at Implant-Abutment Connection.

The assessment of microgaps at the implant-abutment interface is an important factor that may influence clinical success. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the size of microgaps between prefabricated and customised abutments (Astra Tech, Dentsply, York, PA, USA; Apollo Implants Components, Pabianice, Poland) mounted on a standard implant. The measurement of the microgap was performed using micro-computed tomography (MCT). Due to 15-degree rotation of samples, 24 microsections were obtained. Scans were performed at four levels established at the interface between the abutment and the implant neck. Moreover, the volume of the microgap was evaluated. The size of the microgap at all measured levels varied from 0.1 to 3.7 µm for Astra and from 0.1 to 4.9 µm for Apollo (p > 0.05). Moreover, 90% of the Astra specimens and 70% of the Apollo specimens did not exhibit any microgaps. The highest mean values of microgap size for both groups were detected at the lowest portion of the abutment (p > 0.05). Additionally, the average microgap volume was greater for Apollo than for Astra (p > 0.05). It can be concluded that most samples did not exhibit any microgaps. Furthermore, the linear and volumetric dimensions of microgaps observed at the interface between Apollo or Astra abutments and Astra implants were comparable. Additionally, all tested components presented microgaps (if any) that were clinically acceptable. However, the microgap size of the Apollo abutment was higher and more variable than that of the Astra one.

The Use of Warm Air for Solvent Evaporation in Adhesive Dentistry: A Meta-Analysis of In Vitro Studies.

Any excess solvent from dental adhesive systems must be eliminated prior to material photopolymerization. For this purpose, numerous approaches have been proposed, including the use of a warm air stream. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different temperatures of warm air blowing used for solvent evaporation on the bond strength of resin-based materials to dental and nondental substrates. Two different reviewers screened the literature in diverse electronic databases. In vitro studies recording the effect of warm air blowing to evaporate solvents of adhesive systems on the bond strength of resin-based materials to direct and indirect substrates were included. A total of 6626 articles were retrieved from all databases. From this, 28 articles were included in the qualitative analysis, and 27 remained for the quantitative analysis. The results of the meta-analysis for etch-and-rinse adhesives revealed that the use of warm air for solvent evaporation was statistically significantly higher (p = 0.005). For self-etch adhesives and silane-based materials, this effect was observed too (p < 0.001). The use of a warm air stream for solvent evaporation enhanced the bonding performance of alcohol-/water-based adhesive systems for dentin. This effect seems to be similar when a silane coupling agent is submitted to a heat treatment before the cementation of a glass-based ceramic.

Porcelain Veneers in Vital vs. Non-Vital Teeth: A Retrospective Clinical Evaluation.

Nowadays, the ceramic veneer approach can be considered more predictable than direct composite veneer. To date, there is a lack of studies comparing the clinical performance of anterior veneers cemented on vital teeth (VT) and non-vital teeth (NVT). This longitudinal clinical study investigated the performance of ceramic veneers in VT or anterior NVT. A total of 55 patients were evaluated in the study. Two groups were defined based on the vitality status of the teeth (93 teeth-vital and 61 teeth-non-vital). The United States Public Health Service (USPHS) criteria were used to assess the clinical status. The data were evaluated statistically with the Mann-Whitney U test. All restorations were considered acceptable, and only one veneer in VT failed for the criteria of secondary caries. There were no statistically significant differences in any of the criteria evaluated (p ≤ 0.671). The ceramic veneers evaluated showed a satisfactory clinical performance both in VT and NVT.

Peptides in Dentistry: A Scoping Review.

Currently, it remains unclear which specific peptides could be appropriate for applications in different fields of dentistry. The aim of this scoping review was to scan the contemporary scientific papers related to the types, uses and applications of peptides in dentistry at the moment. Literature database searches were performed in the following databases: PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Scielo. A total of 133 articles involving the use of peptides in dentistry-related applications were included. The studies involved experimental designs in animals, microorganisms, or cells; clinical trials were also identified within this review. Most of the applications of peptides included caries management, implant osseointegration, guided tissue regeneration, vital pulp therapy, antimicrobial activity, enamel remineralization, periodontal therapy, the surface modification of tooth implants, and the modification of other restorative materials such as dental adhesives and denture base resins. The in vitro and in vivo studies included in this review suggested that peptides may have beneficial effects for treating early carious lesions, promoting cell adhesion, enhancing the adhesion strength of dental implants, and in tissue engineering as healthy promotors of the periodontium and antimicrobial agents. The lack of clinical trials should be highlighted, leaving a wide space available for the investigation of peptides in dentistry.

Special Issue "Recent Advances in Biomaterials and Dental Disease" Part I.

Oral cavities provide an entry point for food and nutrients [...].

Effect of Different Application Modalities on the Bonding Performance of Adhesive Systems to Dentin: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Diverse types of dental adhesives exhibit different cytotoxic outcomes on cells in vitro. Currently, no standard adhesive application technique has so far been decisive for clinicians for better durability of resin-dentin bonds of adhesive systems. The purpose of this study was to systematically review the literature to evaluate the bonding performance of adhesive systems to dentin by using different application modalities. The systematic research strategy was conducted by two reviewers among multiple databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Scielo. In vitro studies reporting the effects of additional steps for the application of adhesive systems on the bond strength to dentin were selected. Meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager Software version 5.3.5 using the random effects model. The methodological quality of each in vitro study was assessed according to the parameters of a previous systematic review. The electronic research through different databases generated a total of 8318 references. After the examination of titles and abstracts, a total of 106 potentially relevant studies accessed the full-text evaluation phase. After full-text examination, 78 publications were included for the qualitative analysis, and 68 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Regarding the etch-and-rinse adhesive systems, the application modalities that improved the overall bond strength were the application of a hydrophobic resin layer (p = 0.005), an extended application time (p < 0.001), an application assisted by an electric current (p < 0.001), a double-layer application (p = 0.05), the agitation technique (p = 0.02), and the active application of the adhesive (p < 0.001). For self-etch adhesive systems, the techniques that improved the overall bond strength were the application of a hydrophobic resin layer (p < 0.001), an extended application time (p = 0.001), an application assisted by an electric current (p < 0.001), a double-layer application (p < 0.001), the agitation technique (p = 0.01), and the active application of the adhesive (p < 0.001). The in vitro evidence suggests that the application of adhesive systems using alternative techniques or additional strategies may be beneficial for improving their bond strength to dentin. The application modalities that favored the overall bond strength to dentin were an extended application time, a double-layer application, an application assisted by an electric current, the active application of the adhesive, and the application of a hydrophobic resin layer. Worth mentioning is that some techniques are intended to increase the degree of the conversion of the materials, and therefore, improvements in the biocompatibility of the materials can be expected.

Triple scan evaluation of internal and marginal adaptation of overlays using different restorative materials.

OBJECTIVE: Problems in the confection of indirect restorations may increase the marginal and internal gap. This study aimed to quantify the marginal and the internal fit of overlays fabricated with three different materials. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Standardized cavities were prepared on endodontically treated human third molars and digital impressions were done using an intraoral camera (Trios 3). Restorations were designed (n = 15) and fabricated with three materials: Hybrid ceramic (Cerasmart; GC Corp, EUROPE), high-strength lithium disilicate (GC Initial® LiSi Press; GC Corp, Tokyo, Japan), and zirconia reinforced Lithium Silicate Glass Ceramic (Vita Suprinity; Vita, Germany). Axial, marginal, pulpal, and gingival gaps were calculated by measuring the distance between the restoration and the tooth at several reference points. Two-Way analysis of variance was used for statistical analysis. The significance level was set at α = 0.05. RESULTS: Mean gap was significantly influenced by the material (p < 0.001), gap localization (p < 0.001), and interaction between the factors (p = 0.002). For all materials, the highest gap was observed at gingival and pulpal surfaces (p ≤ 0.015). LiSi Press achieved the overall lowest values at axial values measurements (p ≤ 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: The performance of a CAD/CAM system relative to marginal adaptation is influenced by the restorative material used. High-strength lithium disilicate seems to be showed the best marginal adaptation. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Marginal and internal adaptation of CAD/CAM restorations could be influenced by the type of material chosen.

Effect of scanning strategies on the accuracy of digital intraoral scanners: a meta-analysis of in vitro studies.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate whether the accuracy of intraoral scanners is influenced by different scanning strategies in an in vitro setting, through a systematic review and meta-analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 standard. The following PICOS approach was used: population, tooth impressions; intervention, the use of intraoral scanners with scanning strategies different from the manufacturer's instructions; control, the use of intraoral scanners following the manufacturers' requirements; outcome, accuracy of intraoral scanners; type of studies, in vitro. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across various databases including Embase, SciELO, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The inclusion criteria were based on in vitro studies that reported the accuracy of digital impressions using intraoral scanners. Analysis was performed using Review Manager software (version 5.3.5; Cochrane Collaboration, Copenhagen, Denmark). Global comparisons were made using a standardized mean difference based on random-effect models, with a significance level of α = 0.05. RESULTS: The meta-analysis included 15 articles. Digital impression accuracy significantly improved under dry conditions (P < 0.001). Moreover, trueness and precision were enhanced when artificial landmarks were used (P ≤ 0.02) and when an S-shaped pattern was followed (P ≤ 0.01). However, the type of light used did not have a significant impact on the accuracy of the digital intraoral scanners (P ≥ 0.16). CONCLUSION: The accuracy of digital intraoral scanners can be enhanced by employing scanning processes using artificial landmarks and digital impressions under dry conditions.

Cytotoxicity of V-Prep Versus Phosphoric Acid Etchant on Oral Gingival Fibroblasts.

The most used etchant in dental daily practice is the phosphoric acid (P.A.; 37%). However, acid etchants can induce necrosis on the oral mucosa and cause the ulceration of periodontal tissue when a rubber dam is not used. V-prep is a new practical alternative, and it has satisfactory results. It is used as a preparation before the application of a resin-modified glass ionomer composite (RMGIC) to bond the orthodontic brackets. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the V-prep on oral gingival fibroblasts cells by comparing the cell damage and cell viability after the use of V-prep and a conventional phosphoric acid etchant with different application times and concentrations. Therefore, Gingival fibroblasts passage 6 (GFP6) was grown and treated with an acid etchant and V-prep at three different concentrations (1:1, 1:2 and 1:10) for two different application durations (30 s and 1 min). The morphological changes, cell death and cell viability were assessed. Pyknosis, karyolysis, nucleus reversible and irreversible damages and membrane destruction were observed for both of the etchants at the higher concentrations and longer application durations. Mann-Whitney U-tests were used for the statistical analyses. The application of the V-prep for 30 s showed better values than the acid etchant did in the cell damage analysis and cell viability analysis (p = 0.03). V-prep at a 1:10 concentration applied for a 30 s duration can preserve the viability of gingival fibroblasts cells up to 100%. The toxicity of V-prep is equal or lower than the toxicity of the acid etchant that is commonly used in dentistry. Thus, the V-prep can be used with precautions intra-orally, and it should be applied on the enamel as a gel for 30 s only before it is rinsed and removed.

LIGHT-CURED CALCIUM SILICATE BASED-CEMENTS AS PULP THERAPEUTIC AGENTS: A META-ANALYSIS OF CLINICAL STUDIES.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the clinical performance of light-cured calcium silicate-based cement for direct or indirect pulp capping. The research question was as follows: in teeth with deep caries lesions, does the use of resin-modified calcium silicate-containing composites improve the radiological success and prevent irreversible pulpitis and pulpal necrosis compared with other pulp-capping agents? MATERIALS AND METHODS: The following databases were screened until September 2021: PubMed, Web of Science, Scielo, Scopus, Embase, and The Cochrane Library. Randomized clinical trials reporting the clinical evaluation of a resin-modified calcium silicate material as an agent for pulp therapy were included. Meta-analysis was performed using the Rev Manager v5.4.1 software. The risk difference and 95% confidence interval of the dichotomous outcome (restoration failure or success) were calculated for comparison. RESULTS: Ten studies were considered for qualitative analysis and meta-analysis. Studies evaluating the performance of light-cured calcium silicate-based cement from 1 month to a maximum follow-up period of 36 months and comparing it with the performance of CaOH, mineral trioxide aggregate, or Biodentine were included. In the global analysis for direct pulp capping at 6-month follow-up, no statistical differences were observed between the experimental group using the light-cured calcium silicate-based cement and control group (P = .28). However, at 12-month follow-up, global analysis favored the control group (P < .001). For indirect pulp capping, at 6- and 24-month follow-ups, no statistically significant differences were observed between the experimental and control groups (P = .88; P = .21). CONCLUSIONS: Light-cured calcium silicate-based cement showed a limited clinical performance as a direct pulp capping agent, especially when evaluated in the long term. However, using it as an indirect pulp capping agent may be a reliable and easy-to-use option for restoring teeth with deep caries. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: This systematic review provides evidence that supports the use of light-cured calcium silicate-based cement as an indirect pulp capping agent.

Response of dental pulp capped with calcium-silicate based material, calcium hydroxide and adhesive resin in rabbit teeth

Direct pulp capping induces a local inflammatory process. Several biomaterials have been used for this procedure. The aim of this study was to compare the dentinal bridge thickness using three different pulp capping biomaterials with the conventional technique (high speed diamond bur) or Er-Yag laser, 1 month after pulp effraction. Materials and Methods: Forty two Class V cavities were prepared on the buccal surface of 4 maxillary incisors and 2 mandibular incisors of New Zealand rabbits. Specimens were divided into 6 treatment groups. Teeth were treated with: In Group 1: Er-Yag laser and Biodentine® (Septodont), in Group 2: Er: Yag laser and calcium hydroxide (Dycal® Dentsply), in Group 3: Er: Yag laser and adhesive system (Prime& Bond® NT Dentsply), in Group 4: high speed diamond bur and Biodentine® (Septodont), in Group 5: high speed diamond bur and calcium hydroxide (Dycal® Dentsply), and in Group 6: high speed diamond bur and adhesive system (Prime& Bond® NT Dentsply). The preparation was done with copious irrigation. The animals were sacrificed at 30 days and the teeth were extracted and prepared for histological analysis. Results: In the group of « laser Er-Yag ¼, iatrogenic pulpal wounds treated with Biodentine® were covered with a thick hard tissue barrier after 1 month. The difference was not significant with the groups of Dycal® used with Er: Yag laser and high speed diamond bur. Prime& Bond® NT Dentsply specimens showed a thin dentinal bridge layer. Conclusion: At 1 month, Er-Yag laser proved to be useful with Biodentine® for direct pulp capping procedures